ferdinand i holy roman emperor

He embellished Vienna and Prague, and invited Italian architects to his realm. The Croatian nobles unanimously accepted the Pozsony election of Ferdinand I, receiving him as their king in the 1527 election in Cetin, and confirming the succession to him and his heirs. In France, the kings and their ministers grew increasingly uneasy about Habsburg encirclement and sought allies against Habsburg hegemony from among the border German territories, and even from some of the Protestant kings. On 24 October 1526 the Bohemian Diet, acting under the influence of chancellor Adam of Hradce, elected Ferdinand King of Bohemia under conditions of confirming traditional privileges of the estates and also moving the Habsburg court to Prague. Zápolya fled the country and applied to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent for support, making Hungary an Ottoman vassal state. Initially he followed Charles’s policies almost unquestioningly. The younger brother of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, Ferdinand was granted Austria, with the regency of both the Habsburg German lands and Württemberg. [1][2] Before his accession, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Prince-Infante in Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, the Upper and Lower Silesia, Württemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Princely Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Ferrette, Kyburg, Gorizia, Landgrave of Alsace, Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Enns, Burgau, the Upper and Lower Lusatia, Lord of the Wendish March, Pordenone and Salins, etc. Ferdinand was a supporter of the Counter-Reformation and helped lead the Catholic response against what he saw as the heretical tide of Protestantism. Therefore, after the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, King of Bohemia and of Hungary, at the battle of Mohács on 29 August 1526, Fer… Though lacking resources, he managed to defend his land against the Ottomans with limited support from his brother, and even secured a part of Hungary that would later provide the basis for the conquest of the whole kingdom by the Habsburgs. John II Sigismund was also supported by King Sigismund I of Poland, his mother's father, but in 1543 Sigismund made a treaty with the Habsburgs and Poland became neutral. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In 1527, soon after ascending the throne, he published a constitution for his hereditary domains (Hofstaatsordnung) and established Austrian-style institutions in Pressburg for Hungary, in Prague for Bohemia, and in Breslau for Silesia. 338–345. Ferdinand took over Charles’s imperial functions in 1555 and was elected emperor in 1558 after his brother’s abdication. After suppressing the revolt, he retaliated by limiting the privileges of Bohemian cities and inserting a new bureaucracy of royal officials to control urban authorities. De Busbecq returned to Constantinople in 1556, and succeeded on his second try. Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. …Charles V left his brother Ferdinand in charge of imperial affairs and departed from Germany after the Worms diet to deal with the many problems besetting his far-flung interests. He took possession of Bohemia without difficulty but faced a rival claimant, János Zápolya, in Hungary. Opposition from the nobles in those realms forced him to concede the independence of these institutions from supervision by the Austrian government in Vienna in 1559. Several issues of the Council of Trent were solved after a compromise was personally reached between Emperor Ferdinand and Morone, the papal legate. Ferdinand I, (born March 10, 1503, Alcalá de Henares, Spain—died July 25, 1564, Vienna, Habsburg domain [now in Austria]), Holy Roman emperor (1558–64) and king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526, who, with his Peace of Augsburg (1555), concluded the era of religious strife in Germany following the rise of Lutheranism by recognizing the right of territorial princes to determine the religion of their subjects. Prince Sigismund Augustus married Elisabeth of Austria, Ferdinand's daughter. [21], While these specific failings came back to haunt the Empire in subsequent decades, perhaps the greatest weakness of the Peace of Augsburg was its failure to take into account the growing diversity of religious expression emerging in the so-called evangelical and reformed traditions. Ferdinand was born in Alcalá de Henares, Spain, the second son of Queen Joanna I of Castile from the House of Trastámara (herself the daughter of the Catholic Monarchs Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon) and Habsburg Archduke Philip the Handsome, who was heir to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Empe… [1][2] Before his accession, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of hi A significant number of Utraquists favoured an alliance with the Protestants. In 1552 he negotiated the Treaty of Passau with the Lutheran elector Maurice of Saxony, who was at war with the emperor; and in 1555 he signed the Peace of Augsburg, which, with few interruptions, brought half a century of peace to Germany’s warring religious factions. Charles's choices were appropriate. On the Protestant issue, Ferdinand, unlike Charles, eventually became convinced of the need for a compromise. By adopting the German language and culture late in his life, he also grew close to the German territorial princes. But in 1540, just before his death, Zápolya had a son, John II Sigismund, who was promptly elected King by the Diet. Consequently, its wording did not cover all, or even most, potential legal scenarios. [18] This defeat, along with his German ways, made Ferdinand more popular than the Emperor among Protestant princes. Though always overshadowed by his brother Charles V, Ferdinand had become one of the most successful Habsburg rulers of the 16th century, increasing the hereditary possessions of the Austrian Habsburgs significantly and restoring peace to the empire after decades of religious warfare. Ferdinand I, Emperor of Germany, 1503-1564. [3] Ferdinand's motto was Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus: "Let justice be done, though the world perish".[4]. Despite these enormous territorial and demographic losses, the smaller, heavily war-torn Royal Hungary had remained economically more important than Austria or Kingdom of Bohemia even at the end of the 16th century. The Spanish empire, which included Spain, the Netherlands, Naples, Milan and Spain's possessions in the Americas, went to his son, Philip. Ferdinand proposed that the Hungarian and Bohemian diets should convene and hold debates together with the Austrian estates, but all parties refused such an innovation. [12], In 1538, in the Treaty of Nagyvárad, Ferdinand induced the childless Zápolya to name him as his successor. Hostile toward Protestantism, he bore some responsibility for the Lutheran secession from the Diet of Speyer (1529), and, after he had lost Württemberg to the Lutheran landgrave Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse (1534), he helped the emperor defeat the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in 1546–47. This led to the most dangerous moment of Ferdinand's career, in 1529, when Suleiman took advantage of this Hungarian support for a massive but ultimately unsuccessful assault on Ferdinand's capital: the Siege of Vienna, which sent Ferdinand to refuge in Bohemia. The success was only partial, as the Diet refused to recognise Ferdinand as hereditary lord of the Kingdom. Ferdinand II, Holy Roman emperor (1619–37), archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia (1617–19, 1620–27), and king of Hungary (1618–25). The key events during his reign were the contest with the Ottoman Empire, which in the 1520s began a great advance into Central Europe, and the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in several wars of religion. On 26 May 1521 in Linz, Austria, Ferdinand married Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (1503–1547), daughter of Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his wife Anne de Foix. Charles abdicated in 1556 and Ferdinand adopted the title "Emperor elect", with the ratification of the Imperial diet taking place in 1558,[1][6] while Spain, the Spanish Empire, Naples, Sicily, Milan, the Netherlands, and Franche-Comté went to Philip, son of Charles. He was the son of Charles II, the archduke of Inner Austria, and Maria of Bavaria. Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria, Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs, King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, "Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich", Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, "Charles, called The Bold, duke of Burgundy", "Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Before his accession, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (Holy Roman Emperor, 1503-1564, ruled from 1558) Ferdinand I, empereur germanique, 1503-1564 Ferdinand I, imperatore del Sacro romano impero, 1503-1564 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) reigned as archiduke of Austria from 1521, king of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia from 1526 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1556 till his death. Ferdinand III (July 13, 1608 – April 2, 1657) was Holy Roman Emperor from February 15, 1637 until his death, as well as King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria. Ferdinand was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 28 August 1619 (Frankfurt), two days earlier the Protestant Bohemian Estates had deposed Ferdinand (as king of Bohemia). Abraham Godijn and Isaac Godijn - Fresco in the Hall of Honor in the Troja Palace - Abdication of Charles V in favor of Ferndinand I.jpeg 1,103 × 289; 405 KB. First, Ferdinand had rushed the article on reservatum ecclesiasticum through the debate; it had not undergone the scrutiny and discussion that attended the widespread acceptance and support of cuius regio, eius religio. [25] Other historians maintain he was as Catholic as his brother, but tended to see religion as outside the political sphere. While not a supremely gifted commander, he was interested in military matters and participated in several campaigns during his reign. For more than three decades he was Charles’s deputy in German affairs, representing him at imperial diets and serving as president of the Reichsregiment (imperial governmental council). In that year Ferdinand made peace with the Ottomans, splitting Hungary into a Habsburg sector in the west and John Zápolya's domain in the east, the latter effectively a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. [7] They had fifteen children, all but two of whom reached adulthood: After ascending the Imperial Throne Ferdinand's full titulature, rarely used, went as follows: Other confessions had acquired popular, if not legal, legitimacy in the intervening decades and by 1555, the reforms proposed by Luther were no longer the only possibilities of religious expression: Anabaptists, such as the Frisian Menno Simons (1492–1559) and his followers; the followers of John Calvin, who were particularly strong in the southwest and the northwest; and the followers of Huldrych Zwingli were excluded from considerations and protections under the Peace of Augsburg. According to the Augsburg agreement, their religious beliefs remained heretical.[22]. After repeated and mostly futile pleas for assistance from the German princes, Ferdinand finally reestablished an uneasy peace in 1562, when he agreed to pay tribute to the Ottoman sultan for Austria’s share of Hungary. Suleiman marched into Hungary (see Siege of Buda (1541)) and not only drove Ferdinand out of central Hungary, he forced Ferdinand to agree to pay tribute for his lands in western Hungary.[13]. This article about a political figure is a stub. But Isabella's hostile intrigues and threats from the Ottomans led Martinuzzi to switch round. A portrait of Ferdinand I is shown on the reverse of the coin, while on the obverse a view of the Swiss Gate of the Hofburg Palace can be seen. Born in Graz, the eldest son of Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg and his first wife, Maria Anna of Bavaria, and was baptised as Ferdinand Ernst. Ferdinand I (Spanish: Fernando I ) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, king of Bohemia and Royal Hungary from 1526, … The imperial heir since 1531, he was not finally placated until Charles agreed in 1553 to exclude Philip from the German succession, which then passed to Ferdinand’s son, the future Maximilian II. [9] Accordingly, Ferdinand was crowned as King of Hungary in the Székesfehérvár Basilica on 3 November, 1527. Given the settlement of 1521 and the election of 1531, Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and suo jure Archduke of Austria. In 1549, he agreed to support Ferdinand's claim, and Imperial armies marched into Transylvania. Corrections? The Declaratio Ferdinandei was not debated in plenary session at all; using his authority to "act and settle,"[19] Ferdinand had added it at the last minute, responding to lobbying by princely families and knights. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [2], The Austrian lands were in miserable economic and financial conditions, thus Ferdinand desperately introduced the so-called Turkish Tax (Türken Steuer). In the Netherlands, Philip's ascension in Spain raised particular problems; for the sake of harmony, order, and prosperity Charles had not blocked the Reformation, and had tolerated a high level of local autonomy. Omissions? [7] Both Hungary and Bohemia were elective monarchies,[8] where the parliaments had the sovereign right to decide about the person of the king. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Though he supported his brother, Ferdinand also managed to strengthen his own realm. Each was elected by a rival faction, and Hungary remained divided among Ferdinand, Zápolya, and the Ottoman Empire. Together with the formation of the Schmalkaldic League in 1531, this struggle with the Ottomans caused Ferdinand to grant the Nuremberg Religious Peace. Meanwhile, Martinuzzi attempted to keep the Ottomans happy even after they responded by sending troops. Ferdinand I (Spanish: Fernando I) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1527, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564. The new emperor centralized his administration and, though only with limited success, sought to revive Roman Catholicism in his lands. Franz von Innerösterreich (1540-1590) and Maria Anna von Bayern (1551-1608) and died 15 February 1637 inVienna, Austria of unspecified causes. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. They were supported by different factions of the nobility in the Hungarian kingdom. The Turks failed to take Vienna in 1529 but threatened Austria again in 1532 and 1541. Venetian ambassadors to Ferdinand recall in their Relazioni the Emperor's pragmatism and his ability to speak multiple languages. A native of Vienna, he was the third son of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Anne of Bohemia and Hungary, daughter of King Vladislaus II of Hungary and his wife Anne of Foix-Candale. The Austrian branch of Habsburg monarchs needed the economic power of Hungary for the Ottoman wars. Ferdinand died in Vienna in 1564 and is buried in St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague. In 1547 the Bohemian Estates rebelled against Ferdinand after he had ordered the Bohemian army to move against the German Protestants. This allowed him to play a critical role in the settlement of the religious issue in the Empire. Ferdinand was also a patron of the arts. This allowed him to increase his power in this realm. The most recent one is the Austrian silver 20-euro Renaissance coin issued on 12 June 2002. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Pope exonerated Ferdinand and lifted the excommunications in 1555.[14]. Its German population was composed of Catholics and Lutherans. He also gathered some humanists, many of whom had a major influence on his son Maximilian. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, the nocturnal North-western quadrant, consisting of the 4th, 5th and 6th houses, prevails in your chart: this sector favours creativity, conception and some sort of specialization or training, with helpfulness and relations as strong components. Ferdinand was able to defend his realm and make it somewhat more cohesive, but he could not conquer the major part of Hungary. 123–248). [16], When he took control of the Bohemian lands in the 1520s, their religious situation was complex. He was the last emperor to have real power over the Holy Roman Empire. FERDINAND I (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) (1503 – 1564)FERDINAND I (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) (1503 – 1564), king of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia, 1526; king of the Romans 1531; Holy Roman emperor, 1558.The young Archduke Ferdinand was born on 10 March 1503 in Alcal á de Henares, Spain, and grew up under the supervision of his grandfather, King Ferdinand of Arag ó n and Castile. 249–250; Wernham, pp. Due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the Imperial succession until 3 May 1558. In 1556, amid great pomp, and leaning on the shoulder of one of his favourites (the 24-year-old William, Count of Nassau and Orange),[23] Charles gave away his lands and his offices. Thus, in 1536 the Hungarian Diet decided that a new place for coronation of the king as well as a meeting place for the Diet itself would be set in Pressburg. He married Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616) 23 April 1600 . Some Czechs were receptive to Lutheranism, but most of them adhered to Utraquist Hussitism, while a minority of them adhered to Roman Catholicism. He was particularly fond of music and hunting. After the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, Ferdinand ruled as King of Bohemia and Hungary (1526–1564). [26], Charles' abdication had far-reaching consequences in imperial diplomatic relations with France and the Netherlands, particularly in his allotment of the Spanish kingdom to Philip. The Ottoman Empire almost continually threatened Europe during Ferdinand’s reign. Media in category "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor in art" The following 26 files are in this category, out of 26 total. 174 relations. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-I-Holy-Roman-emperor, The Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online - Biography of Ferdinand I. After decades of religious and political unrest in the German states, Charles V ordered a general Diet in Augsburg at which the various states would discuss the religious problem and its solution. Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor was born 9 July 1578 in Graz, Austria to Karl II. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor was born 10 March 1503 in Alcalá de Henares, Spain to Philip I of Castile (1478-1506) and Joanna of Castile (1479-1555) and died 25 July 1564 inVienna, Austria of unspecified causes. In the Treaty of Weissenburg (1551), Isabella agreed on behalf of John II Sigismund to abdicate as King of Hungary and to hand over the royal crown and regalia. Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia. Ferdinand was familiar with, and to, the other princes of the Holy Roman Empire. He also converted the elected crowns of Bohemia and Hungary into hereditary possessions of the house of Habsburg. Ferdinand I has been the main motif for many collector coins and medals. Ferdinand was born in Alcalá de Henares, Spain, the second son of Queen Joanna I of Castile from the House of Trastámara (herself the daughter of the Catholic Monarchs Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon) and Habsburg Archduke Philip the Handsome, who was heir to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. [28] His handling of the Protestant Reformation proved more flexible and more effective than that of his brother and he played a key part in the settlement of 1555, which started an era of peace in Germany. In 1538, by the Peace of Nagyvárad (German: Grosswardein), Ferdinand became Zápolya’s successor, but he was unable to enforce the agreement in his lifetime. He was first the Archduke of Austria from 1521-1564. Philip's militant response meant the occupation of much of the upper provinces by troops of, or hired by, Habsburg Spain and the constant ebb and flow of Spanish men and provisions on the so-called Spanish road from northern Italy, through the Burgundian lands, to and from Flanders.[27]. Ferdinand I (Spanish: Fernando I) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1527, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564. Ferdinand I (Fernando I) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1558, king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526, and king of Croatia from 1527 until his death. He married Eleonore Gonzaga (1598-1655) 1622 . The western rump of Hungary over which Ferdinand retained dominion became known as Royal Hungary. [17] Ferdinand also sought to strengthen the position of the Catholic church in the Bohemian lands, and favoured the installation of the Jesuits there. Sources. Updates? He centralized his administration, revoked many urban privileges and confiscated properties. During the Ottoman wars the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary shrunk by around 70%. Fer­di­… [10] In return for the throne, Archduke Ferdinand promised to respect the historic rights, freedoms, laws and customs of the Croats when they united with the Hungarian kingdom and to defend Croatia from Ottoman invasion. With the death of his grandfather Maximilian I and the accession of his now 19-year-old brother, Charles V, to title of Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, Ferdinand was entrusted with the government of the Austrian hereditary lands, roughly modern-day Austria and Slovenia. The throne of Hungary became the subject of a dynastic dispute between Ferdinand and John Zápolya, Voivode of Transylvania. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Since Martinuzzi was by this time an archbishop and Cardinal, this was a shocking act, and Pope Julius III excommunicated Castaldo and Ferdinand. The war in Hungary continued. He was born, raised, and educated in Spain, and did not learn German when he was young. Notable ancestors includeCharlemagne (747-814), Alfred the Great (849-899), Henry II of … [17] At first, Ferdinand accepted this situation and he gave considerable freedom to the Bohemian estates. Ferdinand I (Spanish: Fernando I) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, king of Bohemia and Royal Hungary from 1526, and king of Croatia from 1527 until his death in 1564. Ferdinand I (Spanish: Fernando I) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, king of Bohemia and Royal Hungary from 1526, and king of Croatia from 1527 until his death in 1564. Ferdinand also had the support of his brother, the Emperor Charles V. On 10 November 1526, John Zápolya was proclaimed king by a Diet at Székesfehérvár, elected in the parliament by the untitled lesser nobility (gentry). Ferdinand was also elected King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, etc. Charles abdicated as Emperor in August 1556 in favor of his brother Ferdinand. An ardent Catholic and rigidly autocratic prince, Philip pursued an aggressive political, economic and religious policy toward the Dutch, resulting in a Dutch rebellion shortly after he became king. PEAKE(1874) p300 Ferdinand I..jpg 557 × 1,014; 346 KB German, Czech, Slovenian, Slovak, Serbian, Croatian: Ferdinand I.; Hungarian: I. Ferdinánd; Spanish: Fernando I; Turkish: 1. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (Holy Roman Emperor, 1503-1564, ruled from 1558) Computed Name Heading Ferdinand organized an Imperial election in 1562 in order to secure the succession of his son Maximilian II. Therefore, after the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, King of Bohemia and of Hungary, at the battle of Mohács on 29 August 1526, Fer… His annual revenues only allowed him to hire 5,000 mercenaries for two months, thus Ferdinand asked for help from his brother, Emperor Charles V, and started to borrow money from rich bankers like the Fugger family.[11]. [1][5] Ferdinand also served as his brother's deputy in the Holy Roman Empire during his brother's many absences, and in 1531 was elected King of the Romans, making him Charles's designated heir in the empire. In foreign affairs Ferdinand was no less successful. Juin 1545 ) mairit Keeng Sigismund II Augustus o Poland but haed nae issue Emperor to have real power the! Adopting the German territorial princes improve this article about a political figure a. The political sphere Spain, and invited Italian architects to his realm the Treaty of Nagyvárad Ferdinand! 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