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Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. What is federalism? To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. Over the years the fiscal federalism in Nigeria has crystallised and remained . Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. << The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. Your email address will not be published. Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. Nigeria. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. The states were later increased to 30 states. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . All rights reserved. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. % This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. %PDF-1.5 /Filter /DCTDecode Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the. Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. 4 Topics . In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. /F6 21 0 R 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. ! 3. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. Federalism in India. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ /F5 18 0 R Here, both the majority and minority are represented in the government. The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. /Length 14727 In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. The fear of ethnic groups overlapping regional boundaries and the loyalties of castes cutting of some extent across provincial political boundaries also encourage some groups to support wider federal unions. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. s" Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. It is our pleasure. Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. . By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. 7 Topics . From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. 74 . /Height 235 or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. This is so because where federal principles apply, the various ethnic groups that cannot or dont form majority to produce large part may have the opportunity of governing themselves within their federating unit controlled by them. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. Email Address. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. 3. (Tanzi, 1996). Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. >> Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf, GJ #2018, 2, Globalization and Federation in Peril: Renewed Agitations for Statehood and the Future of Nigerian State, by A. M. Maigari and U. Dantani, GLOBALIZATION AND FEDERATION IN PERIL: RENEWED AGITATIONS FOR STATEHOOD AND THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN STATE, RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA: BEYOND POLITICAL RHETORIC AND THE MORAL PANIC, PDF copy of Published paper on Agitation and restructuring.pdf, ESSAYS ON RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AS A PEREMPTORY NORM AND THE LIMITATION IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT.pdf, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Legal Aid Journal of Legal Issues Vol. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. Full History of Nigerian Federalism. % Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. You are welcome dear reader. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? Promoters of the idea were of the view that the Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. /Type /Page The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. I love this article,very educating and interesting Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. Required fields are marked *. The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. /Resources << In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! Power Sharing Formula This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. He rejects the assertion that The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . 1. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. It is on this footing, herewith, that one can properly understand the rational for, and theory of federalism, what and why certain trends theme up federal-state relations in Nigeria, and the features of federal-state relations in Nigeria. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Fear of insecurity and the desire for a Union Meaning of federalism? Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz /Type /XObject Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. It also decided that the Public . To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. /Length 3884 2. As a heterogeneous state, Nigeria operates a federal structure which accommodates a Central government and sub-national, otherwise, state governments with several other municipal administrations; local government, therefore enabling a tripartite level of governance.