The mark occurs between 1910-1933 by AEROZON-Fabrik, Georg und Berthold Sternberg, Berlin. This Mark has been Stamped at the Porto Assay Office Since 1985. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Japan. The tray is inlaid in fine design and detailing. Hidden within the kanji-- the characters -- on the bottom of the piece you will typically find the production region, a specific kiln location, a potter's name, and sometimes a separate decorator's identity.But, at times only generic terms were recorded, and tracking down . Each came in a box with Peace Game etched into the top. Hope. Japan. Trade mark /Logo= The letters "AAA" in a row. according to some sources]. It may be noted that prior to the implementation of the six-digit HUID number, hallmarking of gold jewellery consisted of four marks -- BIS logo, purity of the article as well as the logo of the jeweller and Assaying and Hallmarking Centre. Mitsuhasi / Mitsuhashi & Co., Ltd.Tokyo, Japan. The word, or acronym "WACO" below. The Nozawa Company of Kyoto was founded by Nogawa Noboru in 1825. Tokyo, Japan. These may have the original Nikko Kogyo trade mark but they also carry Kitahara's own trade mark. Suzuki & Edwards Co. Ltd.Japan. A good pair of Japanese bronze usubata. Japan. This was the first markFULPER in a rectangleused by this company using the Hobo typeface. American Silver & Other Metals. Japan. Japan. This company produced a number of clockwork airship toys, including the R-100, R-101 and the Macon, during the 1930's. I couldn't find anything with English subtitles, but I didn't look terribly hard. This is the ultimate guide to . 'T Arrow Mark'. Designs frequently featured famous beauty spots, shrines and palaces together with tranquil scenes from nature. KS(or possiblyKSP). Exelo. Free shipping for many products! . Kashiwai (Lucky Toy). KCI. link to Does Gold Colored Stainless Steel Fade? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. By contrast, the silver symbol on the Standard Mark is a plain oval, and platinum is a trapezoid in the shape of a house. This cookie is set by SiteWit and is used for stats report and analytics. K.Japan. I appreciate your blog about japanese tin toy trademarks very much. Japan. In truth it would take a large book to fully discuss all the various techniques and makers but I hope this briefest of backgrounds conveys some of the astonishing achievements of these artists. Private Silver Salon Forums (invitational or $ donation membership) - The Private Silver Salon Forums require registration and special authorization to view, search, start a thread or to post a reply. Trade mark / Logo =The letter "H" within a six pointed star, within a circle. Japan. Traditionally, picture engravings such as a womans head or the body of a lion were included on sterling silver marks and certain gold pieces.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'preciousmetalinfo_com-narrow-sky-1','ezslot_13',616,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-preciousmetalinfo_com-narrow-sky-1-0'); Lastly, commemorative marks are used to draw attention to significant world events that occur around the time of engraving. Late Meiji - early Taisho. The name Kutani became known outside the area only from middle or end of . The Miyao Company specialised in producing patinated and gilded bronze sculptures, mostly figural especially Samurai. English Silver Marks. Japan. [No information] The lettering "DIA", which appears on some toy cap guns and water pistols may be a trade mark of DAIYA /Terai. A sponsor's or maker's mark. Kyo yaki / kiyomizu-ware studio since Edo period. Name changed in 1989 to Metal House LTD. Trade Marks on the bottom are S. K. There are also two Pat numbers. The technology for typesetting/printmaking and especially metalwork has been developed to a high degree in Japan since pretty far back, so the buckle and the hallmarks would have seemed really crude 75 or even 150 years ago. The A positioned above theT so thatthe cross-stroke of the Aalso forms the cross-stroke of the T. The mark is found on a series of toy 'pop-pop' (candle powered) boats. [Six Triangles logo] 0201670: 01/01/1917: 09/11/1922: . Japan. Trade mark / Logo= The letter "K" in a diamond. To review, it is important to remember the following key differences across the precious metals . Luckily for you, weve broken each of them down in detail so that you wont get caught off guard. Wakimura. Japan. The ram is done in fine detail. Trade mark / Logo= The letters "KTS" within threeconcentriccircles. UsuallyIchiko will be written across the top of thethe mark. If the users of the tea set were drinking primarily, or exclusively, green tea, then they likely used a clay tea set. The down strokes of the T's being interlaced with a central diamond shape. Sakai / Sakai Seisakusho / Sakai Seisakusho Ltd.Tokyo, Japan. Without doubt, the exceptional metalwork produced by Japanese master craftsmen during the Meiji period is my absolute passion. Japan. Copyright | Site Powered by The Antique Marketing CompanyPrivacy Policy | Terms & Conditions | Cookies Policy, Japanese Bronze, the highly collected miniature carvings from 17th, 18th and 19th Century Japan were originally and primarily very simple functional objects that evolved over time to the level of truly superb works of art produced by master carvers. It would explain how the buckle would have likely been finely finished as you suggest but over the many decades it wore down where friction occurred such as at the bar and where the strap or cloth would weave through? Such marks often include the name of the company that . This is where the metal has reacted over time with the atmosphere around it. The first part looks like Japanese sterling marks on this mixed metal lighter? Plaything. Fukuda Seisakusho Inc. established in 1955. Issued by Microsoft's ASP.NET Application, this cookie stores session data during a user's website visit. [No information]. TTT, Tin Tom Toys. Works however from the Meiji period reflect a more commercial clientele. Unsigned. Trade mark / Logo= The letters "KTS" within a circle. Trade mark / Logo = Two capital letter T's crossed with the word Asakusa below (an area of Tokyo). Some volumes do exist but are scarce, in Japanese, and out of most's price range. I just can't find anything like this in pictures online. The best way to judge quality is to handle as much material as possible, visit museums, sales and exhibitions and study any reference book available. TheHY motif may also occur within an earlier'bellshaped' symbol (copied fromLehmann), possibly denoting a metal press. Ending Mar 8 at 6:50PM PST 6d 14h. Medieval kingdoms started to demand banks to inscribe the value and identification of gold and silver articles so that consumers would be shielded from inauthentic vendors.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'preciousmetalinfo_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_10',606,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-preciousmetalinfo_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'preciousmetalinfo_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_11',606,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-preciousmetalinfo_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0_1');.mobile-leaderboard-1-multi-606{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Sankei / Sankei Gangu Kogyo. The bells may be marked with the letters "T", "M" or "I". Trade mark / Logo=The letters "KT" within a diamond formed from crossed sword motifs. Most Japanese metal artwork, at least prior to WWII, was either unsigned, or was hand cut with the maker's art name in Kanji (Japanese ideograhs). Thankfully it is still possible to form a collection of superb work from these various manufacturers for an outlay that looks very modest when compared to the equivalent Chinese or European producers. Founded in 1951. Width 8.2 cm. Japan. Driven purely by potential financial gain some items can carry spurious marks added at any time since their manufacture. Ishizaki / Ishizaki Gangu Seisakusho. In western Europe, deep stamped markings on blades were widespread until the 1880's as means of brand identification. It occurs on German smoking accessories, air cleaners as in perfume burners, night lamps etc. Trade mark / Logo = Four roughly T-shaped elements radiating from a centre. Trade mark / Logo = The letter "T" within an arrow symbol, superimposed on the flights. Japan. (nonesusu). Trade mark /Logo=The letter "N" superimposed on a smaller "S" within a diamond. The OKIMONO measures 10 1/4" wide, 7" deep and 7 1/8" tall. Masudaya / Masudaya Toys Co., Ltd. / Modern Toys / Masutoko K.K. KS. Japan. Small circular notch removed from base of main circle and added to top. The central "A" being slightly larger. Rather, you own several stocks in companies that work within the precious metals industry. Many workshops and studios were subsequently established in order to satisfy this massive demand. Porcelain and ceramics The Japanese porcelain maker's marks & signatures listed below are currently not in any specific order or categorized by maker, artist, period or style, etc. Tohko-Toy Co.Japan. Bronze, cloisonn and metals, Chinese Art Shoyo. Japan. IRCO. -[Adding link to trade mark soon], Masuda / Masuda Press Tokyo. At its most basic, we can usually easily identify the . Japan. Some exceptionally fine artist signed work emanated from this manufacturer. $8.10 shipping. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Trade mark / Logo = The letters " Dott G.R." Trade mark / Logo= The word "ASAHI" within an oval, within the outline of the letter "A". Today, hallmarked metals ensure that the bullion has been tested and that it conforms to all the legal requirements used to signify purity. It is a golden(-ish) broach in the shape of an Arum Lily with embedded white crystals on the front and a glass pearl (I think) as a spadix. 24K gold is the purest form of gold. Koyo / Koyo Kinzoku. [No information]. Tokyo, Japan. Japan. Japan. Trade mark / Logo = The letter "K" within a five petal flower design. Toys may be marked with the company name i.e. The circles are broken into three segments by three gaps. The vase measures 7" tall, 3 1/2" wide and 3 1/8" deep. Japan. Trade mark / Logo = -[Adding link to trade mark soon]. However, since there are many Assay Offices throughout the world, it is important for verification purposes to know which one has recognized the item. Trade mark / Logo = The number "5" within a circle. Those metals weighing less than the following amount will, in most cases, not carry a hallmark: There are many common scams committed against those who dont have a very strong grasp of precious metals hallmarks. It is strongly advised to avoid these vendors, as there is no guarantee that the product you receive will be authentic. Thankfully in skilled hands these effects can be reversed and a work can be fully returned to its original condition. Trade mark / Logo = A stylised peach logo with leaf either side. Trade mark / Logo = The letters " Dott G.R." Trade mark / Logo = The letter "M" with a semicircular ring of stars above. Thank you 2/27/20. Trade mark / Logo = The letter "T" within an arrow symbol, superimposed on the flights. Trade mark / Logo= The letter "T" within a triangle which is superimposed on the bottom section of a circle. Naturally there was a greater concentration of schools and master carvers in and around the major cities especially Kyoto, Osaka and Tokyo. / Horikawa Gangu Kogyo. Kaga being the old name of the Prefecture (Kaga Han North part of Ishikawa Prefecture today). Inakita / Inakita Shokai / Inakita Co., Ltd.Japan. Updated on February 12, 2020. Early items include tin plate. Toys Co. Ltd. (Yone). Japan. [No information]. Trade mark / Logo= The letter "Y" within a five petal cherry blossom motif. 1976 was 200 years after the signing of the Declaration of Independence that gave us our Hi, I'm Jason, the founder of Precious Metal InfoWant to start making money by investing in precious metals? Trade mark / Logo = The letters "ET" within a circle with a v-shaped notch in the top section. Trade mark / Logo = The letter "S" within acircle. Robert McPherson Antiques. Trade mark / Logo = The company name "Tohko-Toy" within an oval. Hallmarks by Metal Type. Under construction - Visit my blog for more complete version with lots of example toys. It therefore followed that the artists who created them would now start to make different works that were even more desirable to their new customers. Trade mark / Logo = The letters "SSN" within an oval. Trade mark / Logo = A world projection flanked by half oval designs on either side giving an eye like motif. Tokyo, Japan. Trade mark / Logo = The word "Kyowei" on a motto scroll superimposed on a world projection. PayPal sets this cookie for secure transactions. See examples on eBay , Fukagawa Seiji alternative mark with Mt. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Internet vendors are notorious for selling counterfeit bullion such as fake gold bars and coins. The ram is done in fine detail. The tray measures 13 5/16" wide, 10 3/4" tall and 1" deep. Table 2 lists a number of word marks used as brand names or informal trademarks, with notes indicating the particular use. Sometimes the lower part of the initial "I" is extended to form an underline. Trade mark / Logo = The letters "A" and "N". However, the threshold weight varies by individual metal type. Trade mark / Logo = The letters "K" within a diamond, within a circle. The Nogawa Company specialised in a wide range of works of art using precious metals and alloys. Trade mark / Logo = The letters "SK" within three concentric circles. Over the past couple of decades, hallmarks have become standardized across many countries. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. From 1929, Japan Mint assays and hallmarks the articles made of silver. Trade mark / Logo = The letter "N" within a hexagonal tortoise symbol. Ohta / OhtaKasaburo / OhtaSyoten. This is because clay tea sets are porous and therefore absorb the flavors of the tea with . Japan. . 1948-present day. Oshika / Oshika Seisakusho. Early 20th century. On the back, the body of the Arum Lily it is filled with nacre and the peduncle, it is golden(-ish) and has a swan symbol in a circle and a C stamp also in a circle.It is a very delicate peace of jewelery and I want to know if the symbols tell something . Trade mark / Logo= The letters "TMR" in a diamond. link to What Is The Value Of Silver Dollars From 1776-1976. Exceedingly difficult. One of the easiest ways to identify the Japanese woodblock artist's signature is to look for the artist's chop or seal. Japan. When the Meiji Restoration came about the vast majority of these skilled artisans suddenly found themselves without their main source of income the ruling Samurai class. The k stands for karat, and the number is the percentage of that metal found in the jewelry. Trade mark/ Logo= Complex logo with "N" and possibly "K" enclosed within a large letter "G". Japan. $25.86 shipping. Year Formed: 1986. Trade mark / Logo= The letters "MT" (M superimposed on a T in a diamond or circle). Trade mark / Logo = The letters "M", "T" and "S" superimposed. Trade mark / Logo = The letters "MK" within a wreath. This is an important distinction that may first-time buyers are not informed of. 48. These are stylized graphic representations that have been stamped/punched into the silver (not detailed drawing/engravings) in 9 places on the piece. Trade mark / Logo= Flag, standard or possibly sail shape with the letters "PU" or sometimes "4U" beneath a bracket symbol. Trade mark / Logo = The letters "A" and "K" within a circle. Yanoman Shoten / Y.M. Stainless steel is a steel that contains at least 10 percent chromium. Trade mark / Logo = The word Hiro in a diamond. Japan. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. . Traditionally, picture engravings such as a womans head or the body of a lion were included on sterling silver marks and certain gold pieces. Trade mark / Logo= The letters "TO & Y" with the down-stroke of the "T" positioned in the central opening of the "O" and the "Y" on the cross-stroke of the "T"(to spell toy presumably). Trade mark / Logo= Letter Y in a circle. The K is distorted. Trade mark / Logo = The Letters "STS" arranged within a double diamond (one within the other). Trade mark / Logo = The words "Fancy Aoki Toy" within a circle. Trade mark / Logo= The word Hope in a diamond. [No information]. Osaka, Japan. However, to the untrained eye they can be confusing and nearly impossible to interpret. Japan. These fittings were miniature works of art in their own right, often exhibiting meticulous detail and superb artistry. Shudo / Shudo Shoji. Sub contractor for Horikawa, Yonezawa, Nomura. The cookie is set by MailChimp to record which page the user first visited. Japan 1 - Character mark "jungin" meaning "pure silver". Trade mark / Logo = The letters "K.K" within a hexagon / six pointed star. Trade mark / Logo= The word Hope in a diamond. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Trade mark / Logo = The letters "T.K" within a diamond. Sanyu. Japan. A very small wood or ivory piece might be a netsuke; if it is, it will have two holes through which a sash cord could be passed. Output from both periods can vary in quality from the very finest pieces destined for the wealthy connoisseur through to superb middle range pieces and on to a lower quality product destined for more of a mass export market. ], 1. Japan. It does not store any personal data. Japan. .950) : Korea Korean Silver Marks Latvia 20th Cent. Wakasuto Boeki. Japan. Horikawa Toy Ind. This is a common excuse that predatory store owners will use to pay pennies on the dollar for perfectly legit precious metals. Produced tinplate and diecast toys, tinplate boats with electric outboard motors etc. Trade mark / Logo = Thecompany name"Tohnan" with the intitial T enlarged, stylised and partially superimposed on acircle. Japan. Yokohama, Japan. Produced many cloth covered tin toys. Restarted as Marusan Co. Ltd 1969 to present. Unless you're familiar with the Japanese language, identifying Japanese pottery and porcelain marks can be a daunting task. The lines forming the diamond are extended where they intersect. Decorated with Three 'Chilong' Dragons in Blue and White, the Center with 'Anhua' Decorated 'Lingzhi' Fungus. Japan. Toys & Dolls Marks. Origin of name - Usagiyais the Japanese word forrabbit. Japanese 20th century bronze OKIMONO of a ram. Marubishi / Marubishi Co., Ltd.Japan. Japan. Trade mark / Logo= The word "ALPS" superimposed on a mountain peak logo. Marusan / Marusan Shoten Ltd.Asakusa, Tokyo, Japan. Vertices removed. Sano / Sano Kinzoku Seisakusho. Mitu. Shanghai, China. There are some variations in the appearance, presentation, and regulation of hallmarks according to metal type. See examples on eBay , Kawamoto Masukichi II (1852-1918) Kawamoto Zo . Harina / Harina Gangu. Most were marked "Japan". Edo period See examples on eBay , Wanli apocryphal Chinese six character Wanli reign mark in underglaze blue within double circles; reads Dai Min manreki nensei in Kanji; found on Edo and Meiji period Arita Imari examples See examples on eBay , Watano Trading Company Watano Sei See examples on eBay , Watano alternative Kutani mark with name written as dating to the period of Watano Genuemon ( ), late 19th century See examples on eBay , Wataya Kutani porcelain marked Kutani Zo Wataya Sei Kutani Made by Wataya probably Wataya Heibei (), Meiji Period See examples on eBay , Yamashita Kutani porcelain mark Yamashita Ga painted by Yamashita See examples on eBay , Yamatoku kiln impressed stamp See examples on eBay , Paintings, prints and scrolls Once you have received your Silver Salon Forum password, and then if you abide by the Silver Salon Forum Guidelines, you may start a thread or post a reply in the New Members' Forum. Beauty is often in the eye of the beholder and this could apply more to the actual design and artistry on any given item. Japan. Japan. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Many works, for example Koro and jars with covers came in two or three separate parts and the absence of say the lid will have a dramatic effect on values. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Japanese Artist Red Seal or Chop. Morishita. PayPal sets this cookie to enable the PayPal payment service in the website. It now produces anime character figurines. Trade mark / Logo = The letters "IRCO" on 3d effect black block effect background. They show the karat weight of the metal, shown as 10k, 14k, or 18k. Trade mark / Logo = The letters "T.T" in a diamond. Click here to Register for a Free password. In 1867 the Foreign Mark was added. The company name "Asahi Toy" enclosed within a semi oval formed from parts of the letters A, T and Y (1948-55). Japan. Symbols and Oriental Signatures. Japan. Marumiya. Trade mark / Logo = The letters "MRK" in a diamond. Japan. . [No information]. Tomiyama, E.T. Taico. Jewelry Identification. With stand the OKIMONO measures 21 1/1" wide, 16 1/4" tall and 11 7/8" deep. YouTube sets this cookie via embedded youtube-videos and registers anonymous statistical data. Trade mark / logo= Graphic only. PayPal sets this cookie to enable secure transactions through PayPal. I do know of some of today's craftsmen who strive to achieve the same subtlety of the early Japanese smiths. Trade mark / Logo= The letters "SN" in a diamond. Japan. Instead of sword guards and other sword fittings they now turned their attention to lavish boxes, vases, koro, sculptures, spectacular chargers and similar. There are three (3) common hallmarks that are not mandated by law, making them strictly voluntary. Unless youve consulted with your financial advisor, we strongly advise against purchasing futures contracts or insurance plans from independent vendors. Also at this time Japan started to exhibit at the various world Trade and Art Expositions, Fairs and Exhibitions. Trade mark / Logo = Thecompany name"DAITO" within an oval. Momoya / Momoya Shoten. The rabbits, one on each side form unqiue handles for the USUBATA flower container. Trade mark / Logo = The letter "M" with a semicircular ring of stars above. Trade mark / Logo = The letters "Ishi",italicized, within a circle. The letter S Is intertwined with the upper blade of the propeller. Shibuya / Shibuya Seisakusho. There are some variations in the appearance, presentation, and regulation of hallmarks according to metal type. Lastly, when it comes to the precious metals trade, eBay is a scammers paradise. There are a few other hallmarks you may encounter that indicate the metal content of a piece: "Nickel silver" or "German silver" indicate an item that is not made of silver at all but is silver in color. Sanko / Sanko Seisakusho. Japan. Mar 18, 2015 - Explore Sandi Logan's board "Collection of porcelain & pottery makers marks", followed by 462 people on Pinterest. Japan. Pure gold (24K) is extremely soft, and jewelry made from it is dented easily; thus, it was often mixed with another metal or alloy, to give the gold more strength. Tamiya / Tamiya Seisakusho. Trade mark / Logo= The letter "T" superimposed on an "S" within a diamond. We use cookies to give you the most relevant experience. World War II devasted the Japanese economy. Kamiya / Kamiya Seisakusho. Trade mark / Logo= The letters "S & E" within a diamond. Kawahachi Shoten / Kawahachi Toy Co. Ltd.Japan. first part of family name). The Britannia mark, or a figure with staff and shield, indicates 958/1000 parts silver. It is usually stamped or inscribed on the piece. There are three equally spaced gaps in the circles. In many jurisdictions, they are required by law to curb fraudsters or counterfeiters. There are over 17000 images all conveniently catalogued in categories to make your research even easier. Japanese Art Trade mark / Logo = the word "GAKKEN" within a large letter "G" or withina rectangular box. Trade mark/ Logo= The letters "MM" in front of a three peaked mountain like symbol (rounded peaks). Komoda / Komoda Shoten Ltd.Tokyo, Japan. This cookie is used for targeting and advertising purpose. Japan. Bullmark. Founded in 1948 as Miyazawa Sangyo. Do you think it's possible the buckle looks this way from use and wear? Fuji / Fuji Press Kogyosho Co., Ltd.Katsushika Ku, Tokyo, Japan. Used primarily in during the Meiji period (1868-1912) and for a short period after. Japan. Trade mark / Logo= Stylised bear-cub face (1924-1963). Hamada Shoji (1894-1978) Hamada Shoji was a renowned craftsman and representative figure in modern Japanese pottery. CO." within the bottom section of the mark. -Trade mark / Logo= Globe projection within the upper part of a rectangle. Ono / Ono Toy Co., Ltd.Japan. This resulted in a truly remarkable explosion of demand from Europe and the United States who were enthralled and entranced by these superb and previously unseen exhibits. A pictorial mark is becoming increasingly rare on modern-day bullion. Alps Shoji Co. Ltd.Tokyo, Japan. Oka / Oka Gangu Seisakusho. The vase measures 9 1/2" tall by 7 3/8" in dia.. Japanese early 20th century Period bronze USUBATA. The C forming a box around the T. Tsukuda Co., Ltd. / Tsukudaya Co., Ltd.Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo, Japan. These are very small and hard to photograph. See examples on eBay , Fukumoto Eitar () Hirado porcelain marked Hirado-san Fukumoto-z Produced in Hirado by Fukumoto. To review, it is important to remember the following key differences across the precious metals hallmarks. This evolution began towards the end of the 16th Century, reaching (in the minds of many) its artistic zenith in the second half of the 18th Century and continuing throughout the 19th C until its decline in the early Meiji period. Japan. Many truly top quality works are unsigned. The Assay Office marks for gold would be in a Square shield . Trade mark/ Logo= The letter "N" superimposed on an oval shape (long axis arranged horizontally). [No information]. While fraudsters exist across all industries, the precious metal economy is especially vulnerable. The second engraving is typically the Standard Mark. 0 bids. Japan. The sheer quality of Japanese metalwork in all its existing forms appealed greatly to many of the early foreign diplomats, travellers and military advisors who were in Japan during the early years of the Meiji Restoration.
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