[20][79], Irregular forces, such as tribal cavalry, were a major element until the late nineteenth century, and irregular forces long remained a significant part of the Qajar army. This greatly enhanced Re Khans standing and he began to encourage a movement for the transfer of the crown from Amad Shah to himself. Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 - 21 February 1930) was Shah of Iran from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.. Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended to the throne at the age of 12 after the removal of his father Mohammad-Ali Shah by the Parliament on 16 July 1909. 4. Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16. und 17. Some of these groups included the Ayrums, Qarapapaqs, Circassians, Shia Lezgins, and other Transcaucasian Muslims. [62], Through the Battle of Ganja of 1804 during the Russo-Persian War (18041813), many thousands of Ayrums and Qarapapaqs were settled in Tabriz. The young princes parents, about to go into exile abroad, were reluctant to part with him; but a constitutional crisis was avoided when they were persuaded to surrender the boy-king to a delegation of constitutionalists (E. G. Browne, The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909, Cambridge, 1910, p. 326). Britain also sent sepoys to reinforce the Brigade. [51][52] This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two; the Russo-Persian War of 18261828. The Russians were to enjoy exclusive right to pursue their interests in the northern sphere, the British in the south and east; both powers would be free to compete for economic and political advantage in a neutral sphere in the center. The Persian army marched back laden with spoil and carrying off many thousands of captives.[39][41][42]. Through his marriage to Ezzat od-Doleh, Amir Kabir had been the brother-in-law of the shah. The death of Mohammad- Ali Shah Qajar (b. During the coup, Reza Khan used three thousand men and only eighteen machine guns, a very bloodless coup that moved forward quickly. In 1797, Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated in Shusha, the capital of Karabakh Khanate, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Ahmad Shah Qajar. In addition, the ex-shah, with Russian support, attempted to regain his throne, landing troops in July 1910. Most serious of all, the hope that the Constitutional Revolution would inaugurate a new era of independence from the great powers ended when, under the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907, Britain and Russia agreed to divide Persia into spheres of influence. For other uses, see. The Qajar Iran would become a victim of the Great Game between Russia and Britain for influence over central Asia. Scroll. With the arrival of the Cossacks in Tehran, the cabinet fell and the feeble prime minister, Fatallh Akbar, took sanctuary in the British embassy. A directorate of elder statesmen established to run the country until the convening of the new parliament, named Mostawf-al-mamlek, a popular nobleman, to the influential post of minister of the court and a distinguished democrat, akm-al-molk, to serve as Mostawfs right hand man. The Moderates and Democrats often clashed, particularly when it came to minority rights and secularism. Moammad-Al Shah was considered to have lost his right to the throne by opposing and seeking the overthrow of the constitutional order and by taking bast, or sanctuary, in the Russian embassy when the armed contingents of the constitutionalists seized control of Tehran. [82]:20 In 1907 the British and Russian Empires partitioned Iran into spheres of influence with the Anglo-Russian Convention. does papaya cause bloating; distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection; what kind of government did the shah lead? gh Moammad Khn, (born 1742, Gorgn, Irandied 1797, near Shusha), founder and first ruler of the Qjr dynasty of Iran. Named after the capital city of the Persian Empire, the book is an autobiographical tale set during the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the Iran- Iraq War in the 1970s and 1980s, told through a series of comics. 1923-d.1977), Soltan Ahmad Shah's son from a non-Qajar wife, married a woman of Bulgarian descent and had three children: Princess Sheylah, Princess Eylah and . On the Iranian side Woq was the chief architect of the treaty, and the British considered his continuation in office essential to the treatys ratification and implementation. In November, Re Khan marched to zestn where he secured aals submission. His thoughts and deeds were centered on one single object: to save himself and his fortune before Tehran fell to the Bolsheviks, whose advance on the capital seemed imminent. The Supplementary Fundamental Laws approved in 1907 provided, within limits, for freedom of press, speech, and association, and for the security of life and property. Fereydoun Mirza, (b. The front in Iran would last up to the Armistice of Mudros in 1918. In a few hours, the Iranian king Agha Mohammad Khan was in full control of the Georgian capital. [93][94], Ahmad Shah died on February 21, 1930, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Following the 18041814 War, but also per the 18261828 war which ceded the last territories, large migrations, so-called Caucasian Muhajirs, set off to migrate to mainland Iran. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1966, p. 4. In 1856, during the Anglo-Persian War, Britain prevented Persia from reasserting control over Herat. [102] After 1915, Russia and Britain demanded the recall of the Swedish advisers. The Qajar were a Turkmen tribe who first settled during the Mongol period in the vicinity of Armenia and were among the seven Qezelb tribes that supported the Safavids. With the Romanovs shifting to a policy of 'informal support' for the weakened Qajar dynasty continuing to place pressure with advances in the largely nomadic Turkestan, a crucial frontier territory of the Qajars this Russian domination of Persia continued for nearly a century. Other rebellions were crushed, considerably adding to Re Khans standing. Agha Mohammad Khan defeated numerous rivals and brought all of Iran under his rule, establishing the Qajar . From exile, Ahmad Shah issued the following declaration indicating his displeasure . E. Lesueur, Les Anglais en Perse, Paris, 1921. [citation needed] However, with the advent of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent withdrawal of most of the Russian troops, the Ottomans gained the upper hand in Iran, occupying significant portions of the country until the end of the war. Fisher, William Bayne;Avery, Peter; Gershevitch, Ilya; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles. Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: causes and implications", Praeger/Greenwood,1998 - Page 67: . . . [clarification needed] Furthermore, under the Anglo-Persian Agreement, Persia received only a small fraction of the income generated by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. 657-660. Their head, Agha Mohammad Khan, as his first objective,[37] resolved to bring the Caucasus again fully under the Persian orbit. A. what is the recommended ratio for lifeguard to swimmer The Swedish-influenced police had some success in building up Persian police in centralizing the country. During the remaining part of the 18041813 war, as well as through the 18261828 war, the absolute bulk of the Ayrums and Qarapapaqs that were still remaining in newly conquered Russian territories were settled in and migrated to Solduz (in modern-day Iran's West Azerbaijan province). By this, after the conquest of Tbilisi and being in effective control of eastern Georgia,[16][43] Agha Mohammad was formally crowned Shah in 1796 in the Mughan plain. "Ardabil Becomes a Province: Center-Periphery Relations in Iran", H. E. Chehabi, K. M. Rhrborn. Another major crisis facing the country and the young shah at the end of the war was caused by the presence on Iranian territory of foreign troops, including the British forces that controlled much of the country. The rebels then convened the Grand Majles of 500 delegates from different backgrounds, which placed Ahmad Shah, Mohammad Ali's eleven-year-old son, on the Sun Throne. Agha Mohammad established his capital at Tehran, a town near the ruins of the ancient city of Rayy. Uncles, aunts, cousins, had unhampered access to Amad Shah. When Amad Shah came of age, he possessed all the qualities of a bad king: He was timid and unable to make clear decisions, lacked strength of character, loved to indulge in pleasure, tended towards bribe-taking, and was avaricious to an almost uncontrollable degree. Agha Mohammad Khan. Mohammad was born on June 21 1872. Reza Khan was subsequently proclaimed monarch as Reza Shah Pahlavi, reigning from 1925 to 1941. iwi masada aftermarket parts. In 1923, Ahmad Shah left Persia for Europe for health reasons. In 1923, Ahmad Shah went into exile in Europe. The repudiation by the U.S. Congress of the Versailles treaty, after it had been signed by President Wilson, also may have created a precedent on which Iran seized (H. Nicolson, Curzon: The Last Phase, 1919-1925, Boston, 1934, pp. His son and successor, Ahmad Shah Qajar was the last sovereign of the Qajar dynasty. Later, the formal termination of the Qajar dynasty by the Majles turned Ahmad Shah's 1923 European tour into exile. Later, the formal termination of the Qajar Dynasty by the Majles, turned Ahmad Shah's 1923 European tour into exile. M. Hedyat, ert o aart, Tehran, 1330 ./1951. what is the recommended ratio for lifeguard to swimmer The Majles also democratized the electoral system, diminished the electoral dominance of Tehran, and even lowered the voting age from twenty-five to twenty. [30] By 1794, Agha Mohammad Khan had eliminated all his rivals, including Lotf Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty. Foreign advisers became powerbrokers in the court and military. [16] As the Cambridge History of Iran notes; "Russia's client, Georgia, had been punished, and Russia's prestige, damaged." Every future Shah of Iran would also die in exile. At the close of the fourteenth century, after Timur's campaigns, Islam had become the dominant faith, and Armenians became a minority in Eastern Armenia. Media in category "Ahmad Shah Qajar" The following 51 files are in this category, out of 51 total. Home News Random Article Install Wikiwand Send a suggestion Uninstall Wikiwand Upgrade to Wikiwand 2.0 Juli 1909 bis zum 31. It has become part of the legend of his deposition from the throne that his patriotic gesture so annoyed his British hosts that they decided to overthrow the Qajar dynasty and assisted Re Khan in doing so in 1925; but British Foreign Office documents provide ample proof that this was not the case and that his fall from power was due to circumstances unrelated to the London banquet. Date of death: 21 February 1930 Neuilly-sur-Seine: Place of burial: Karbala; Country of citizenship: Iran; Occupation: politician; Position held: Shah (1909-1925) Noble title: Shah; . The ex-shah went into exile in Russia. He interfered in political appointments that lay outside his jurisdiction; he engaged in corrupt practices that came to be widely known, for example in grain speculation, in order to augment his already considerable fortune; and his avariciousness was noted even by foreign observers, including the British minister to Tehran, who reported in a dispatch that the best way to keep the shah well-disposed towards England was to give him, or obtain for him, as much money as we can for that is what he loves most in the world (Norman to Curzon, 25 June 1920, Documents on British Foreign Policy, first series, XIII, London, 1963, p. 538). At the time of the Russian invasion of Iran, some 80% of the population of Erivan Khanate in Iranian Armenia were Muslims (Persians, Turkics, and Kurds) whereas Christian Armenians constituted a minority of about 20%. The shah's failure to respond to protests by the religious establishment, the merchants, and other classes led the merchants and clerical leaders in January 1906 to take sanctuary from probable arrest in mosques in Tehran and outside the capital. Persian administrators thought the reforms could strengthen the country against foreign influences. "Griboedov not only extended protection to those Caucasian captives who sought to go home but actively promoted the return of even those who did not volunteer. Map of Iran under the Qajar dynasty in the 19th century. Curzon instructed Norman to tell the shah his departure would be construed as an act of cowardice and that were he to decide to run away he could in no circumstances expect the slightest support and help from us (ibid., p. 686). [39][40] As Iran could not permit or allow the cession of Transcaucasia and Dagestan, which had formed part of the concept of Iran for centuries,[17] it would also directly lead up to the wars of even several years later, namely the Russo-Persian War (18041813) and Russo-Persian War (18261828), which would eventually prove for the irrevocable forced cession of aforementioned regions to Imperial Russia per the treaties of Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchay (1828), as the ancient ties could only be severed by a superior force from outside. [33][34] In 1783, Erekle II placed his kingdom under the protection of the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Georgievsk. On 31 October 1925, the Majlis approved a bill deposing the Qajars and entrusting the provisional government to Re Khan. , 2000. Due to his young age, his uncle, Ali-Reza Khan, took charge of his affairs as Regent. He is a weak ruler who is plagued with illness and was installed to the throne since he was a minor. The agreement was deeply resented in France and openly denounced by the American minister in Tehran, who promised the Iranian nationalists his countrys full support in resisting this colonial pact (M. T. Bahr, Tr-emotaar-e azb-e ss, vol. The Qajars were a Turkmen tribe that held ancestral lands in present-day Azerbaijan, which then was part of Iran.In 1779, following the death of Mohammad Karim Khan Zand, the Zand Dynasty ruler of southern Iran, Agha Mohammad Khan, a leader of the Qajar tribe, set out to reunify Iran. war Schah von Persien vom 16. In the last few decades of the 18th century, Georgia had become a more important element in Russo-Iranian relations than some provinces in northern mainland Persia, such as Mazandaran or even Gilan. French publications at the time reported that his estate was worth some seventy-five million francs.[5]. Iran took its case to the newly established League of Nations; but that august body proved ineffective. In August, the shah, through the issue of a decree promised a constitution. [17] It was therefore also inevitable that Agha Mohammad Khan's successor, Fath Ali Shah (under whom Iran would lead the two above-mentioned wars) would follow the same policy of restoring Iranian central authority north of the Aras and Kura rivers. [72][73] After the Russian administration took hold of Iranian Armenia, the ethnic make-up shifted, and thus for the first time in more than four centuries, ethnic Armenians started to form a majority once again in one part of historic Armenia. [18], About a decade later, in violation of the Gulistan Treaty, the Russians invaded Iran's Erivan Khanate. They regarded the Amir Kabir as a social upstart and a threat to their interests, and they formed a coalition against him, in which the queen mother was active. Home; Categories. After being chosen by the Sayyid Brothers of Barha, he ascended the throne at the young age of 16, under . Given a cool reception in France, for the first time he became aware of the terrible blunder he had made in acquiescing to the treaty. Due to his young age, his uncle, Ali-Reza Khan, took charge of his affairs as Regent. At that time, large parts of Iran were under tight Russian influence and control, and since 1910 Russian forces were present inside the country, while many of its cities possessed Russian garrisons. Others simply voluntarily refused to live under Christian Russian rule, and thus disembarked for Turkey or Iran. [99][100], By the 1910s, the Qajar Iran was decentralised to the extent that foreign powers sought to bolster the central authority of the Qajars by providing military aid. It ended even more disastrously for Qajar Iran with temporary occupation of Tabriz and the signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, acknowledging Russian sovereignty over the entire South Caucasus and Dagestan, as well as therefore the ceding of what is nowadays Armenia and the remaining part of Republic of Azerbaijan;[18] the new border between neighboring Russia and Iran were set at the Aras River. Georgia was a province of Iran the same way Khorasan was. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. By 1794 he had eliminated all his rivals, including Lof Al Khn, the last of the Zand dynasty, and had reasserted . [104], At the end of the Qajar dynasty in 1925, Reza Shah's Pahlavi army would include members of the gendarmerie, Cossacks, and former members of the South Persia Rifles.[100]. These migrations once again, towards Iran, included masses of Caucasian Azerbaijanis, other Transcaucasian Muslims, as well as many North Caucasian Muslims, such as Circassians, Shia Lezgins and Laks. Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended to the throne at the age of 12[2] after the removal of his father Mohammad-Ali Shah by the Parliament on 16 July 1909. On the other hand, the Red Army along with rebels and warlords ruled much of the countryside. Malika-i-Jahan was born on May 14 1877, in Tehran, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. The Second Majlis convened in November 1910 and just like the First Majlis, did not lead to any relevant accomplishment. But his intention to leave the country to its fate and save his own vast fortune at the first convenient opportunity remained unchanged. XX .). Public anger mounted as the Shah sold off concessions such as road building monopolies, the authority to collect duties on imports, etc. The Majlis was rendered ineffective because the central government was weak and did not have enough influence to rein in the changes that it had proposed. 3556. Ahmad Shah Qajar married five times. On top of that, having another port on the Georgian coast of the Black Sea would be ideal. Ahmad Shah Qajar was born 21 January 1898 in Tabriz, and succeeded to the throne at age 11. This terminated the Qajar dynasty. There were Bahai revolts and a revolt in Khurasan at the time but were crushed under Amir Kabir. Thus, after long and careful deliberations, and in keeping with Article 37 of the constitution, the leaders of the constitutional movement agreed to confer the crown on the deposed shahs eldest son. During Nasser-e-Din Shah's reign, Western science, technology, and educational methods were introduced into Persia and the country's modernization was begun. The instruments of central administration were overhauled, and Amir Kabir assumed responsibility for all areas of the bureaucracy. Summarize this article for a 10 years old, Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 21 February 1930) was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.[1]. Amad Shah at first appeared inclined to join them and to transfer his capital farther south; but he was dissuaded from doing so by the British and Russian ministers in Tehran. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. [33], The consequences of these events came a few years later when a strong new Iranian dynasty under the Qajars emerged victorious in the protracted power struggle in Persia. After several disputes with the members of the Majles, in June 1908 he used his Russian-officered Persian Cossack Brigade (almost solely composed of Caucasian Muhajirs), to bomb the Majlis building, arrest many of the deputies (December 1907), and close down the assembly (June 1908). The coup of 1921 rendered Ahmad Shah politically weaker and less relevant. Three days after the agreement was signed, the shah left for an official visit to England. He was, however, an ineffective ruler who was faced with internal unrest and foreign intrusions, particularly by the British Empire and Russian Empire. He died four years later at the age of 32. Some Swedish officers left, while others sided with the Germans and Ottomans in their intervention in Persia. The other side of the story of Soltan Ahmad Shah and the demise of the Qajars is that of foreign power involvement in the affairs of Persia, particularly that of Britain and its designs on Persia as a strategic source of raw materials, especially oil. I, Fasc. [66] The initial ranks of the brigade would be entirely composed of Circassians and other Caucasian Muhajirs. Gudovich, who sat in Georgievsk at the time, instructed Erekle to avoid "expense and fuss",[38] while Erekle, together with Solomon II and some Imeretians headed southwards of Tbilisi to fend off the Iranians. Out of the greater part of the territory, six separate nations would be formed through the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, namely Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and three generally unrecognized republics Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia claimed by Georgia. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period, Encyclopedia Iranica. book a tip slot neath ahmad shah qajar cause of death. He was formally crowned as Shah after his punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Stripped of all his remaining powers, Ahmad Shah went into exile with his family in 1923. Ahmad Shahi Pavilion (Persian: - Koushk-e Ahmad Shhi) is located in the Niavaran Complex, in the north of Tehran, Iran.Ahmad Shahi Pavilion is beside Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's dwelling, Niavaran Palace and the oldest building there, Sahebgharaniyeh Palace.The Pavilion was built at the end of the Qajar era as Ahmad Shah's dwelling among Niavaran garden. Ammanat Abbas, "Russian Intrusion into the Guarded Domain": Reflections of a Qajar Statesman on European Expansion" Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. This influence was especially pronounced because the Persian monarchy's legitimacy was predicated on an image of military prowess, first Turkic and then European-influenced. Ahmad Shah Qajar was born on month day 1898, at birth place, to Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar and Malika-i-Jahan Khanum Qajar. [35] A limited Russian contingent of two infantry battalions with four artillery pieces arrived in Tbilisi in 1784,[33] but was withdrawn in 1787, despite the frantic protests of the Georgians, as a new war against Ottoman Turkey had started on a different front. Agha Mohammad Shah was later assassinated while preparing a second expedition against Georgia in 1797 in Shusha. Ahmad Shah Qajar (21/1/1898 - 21/2/1930) was Shah of Iran from July 16, 1909 to October 31, 1925 and the last of the Qajar dynasty. They had four children: Touradj Panahi, Shahla Panahi, Malek Iradj Panahi, Shirine Panahi, all residing in Europe today. In 1923, Ahmad Shah left Persia for Europe for health reasons. When the shah reneged on a promise to permit the establishment of a "house of justice", or consultative assembly, 10,000 people, led by the merchants, took sanctuary in June in the compound of the British legation in Tehran. [76] Foreign interference in Persia's domestic affairs was curtailed, and foreign trade was encouraged. The British-commanded South Persia Rifles were in the south, the Dunsterforce (later known as the North Persia Force, or Norperforce) occupied the Qar-e rn-Kermnh-Hamdn-Qazvn line, and other British contingents were based in Mahad. in Svante Cornell, "Small nations and great powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus", Richmond: Curzon Press, 2001, p. 37. Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran. Large numbers of Georgian and Armenian captives had lived in Iran since 1804 or as far back as 1795." Qjr dynasty, the ruling dynasty of Iran from 1794 to 1925. Ahmad Shah was formally crowned on 21 July 1914, upon reaching his majority. [13][14] The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last Shah of the Zand dynasty, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus. 270 winchester load data sierra Facebook; edwyn collins a girl like you Twitter; sony jobs near illinois Google+; evergreen state college ranking . At that time, Persia was nearly bankrupt. Genealogy profile for Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shahanshah Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shahanshah (1898 - 1930) - Genealogy Genealogy for Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shahanshah (1898 - 1930) family tree on Geni, with over 240 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. In return, Re Khan agreed to facilitate the shahs immediate departure for Europe. Ahamad 6.jpg 420 333 . In March, 1924, he wired Re Khan instructing him to suppress the republican movement. [39] Nevertheless, Erekle II still rejected Agha Mohammad Khan's ultimatum. In October 1851, the shah dismissed him and exiled him to Kashan, where he was murdered on the shah's orders. In 1779, following the death of Moammad Karm Khn Zand, the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Iran, gh Moammad Khn (reigned 1779-97), a leader of the Turkmen Qjr tribe, set out to reunify Iran. [33] It was therefore natural for Agha Mohammad Khan to perform whatever necessary means in the Caucasus in order to subdue and reincorporate the recently lost regions following Nader Shah's death and the demise of the Zands, including putting down what in Iranian eyes was seen as treason on the part of the vali of Georgia. Consequently, at a reception held in his honor in London, he intentionally refrained from including in his official speech any reference which could have been construed as an endorsement of the Anglo-Persian Agreement. Ahmad had 8 siblings: Mohammad Hassan Mirza Qajar, Soltan Mahmoud Mirza Qajar and 6 other siblings. On 16 July 1909, the Majles voted to place Mohammad Ali Shah's 11-year-old son, Ahmad Shah on the throne. But the constitutionalists were shrewd enough to foresee that complications might arise under Article 7 of the Treaty of Torkamy of 1828, by which the Russian government recognized the succession to the throne to lie in the direct male heirs of Abbs Mrz, son and heir-apparent to Fat-Al Shah. Agha Mohammad Khan (ca. AMAD SHAH QJR (1909-1925), the seventh and last ruler of the Qajar dynasty. The deposed shah subsequently took up permanent residence in France. He appears also to have remained in touch with the powerful Shaikh aal and to have encouraged his rebellion against the central government. [10] In his quest for power, he razed cities, massacred entire populations, and blinded some 20,000 men in the city of Kerman because the local populace had chosen to defend the city against his siege.[10]. [17], On 12 September 1801, four years after Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's death, the Russians capitalized on the moment, and annexed Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia). Amir Kabir issued an edict banning ornate and excessively formal writing in government documents; the beginning of a modern Persian prose style dates from this time. It was viewed as a process of defensive modernisation; however, this also led to internal colonisation. Eventually, following prolonged and critical negotiations in Tehran and Moscow that culminated in a personal interview with Lenin by the Iranian envoy, Al-qol Khan Anr, the Soviet government agreed to withdraw Russian troops if Britain withdrew her own forces from Iranian territory.
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