1984;11:4760. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Bioelectromagnetics. J Sleep Res. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. California Privacy Statement, Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Vorobyov et al. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Electromagn Biol Med. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . 2000;11:16413. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. J Environ Health Sci Eng. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . 2006;27:11926. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. JAMA. These conclusions are presented in Table2. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Richter et al. Curr Opin Neurobiol. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Ning et al. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Verma et al. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. BMJ. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Google Scholar. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Article Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Dasdag et al. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Wang et al. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Harris KM. 2003;80:194210. Phot J. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Mil Med Sci. 2005;360:6577. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Int J Radiat Biol. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Merola et al. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . 2000;284:30017. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. 2007;27:6024. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Int J Radiat Biol. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Neuroreport. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Biomed Environ Sci. Bioelectromagnetics. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. However,. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Article Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. 2004;115:1490505. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). 1997;44:99104. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? J Natl Cancer Inst. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Behav Brain Res. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. PubMed Central statement and EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate.
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